There are various types of curtain headings and ways of both holding curtains up and securing them to the curtain pole or track
The traditional method is that of using a curtain tape that is sewn (and sometimes glued using an iron-on adhesive) into the top of the curtain. There are various different types and styles of curtain tape depending upon the desired look or effect and the application, ie type and weight of curtain. The most popular has been “pencil pleat”, which comprises columns of pencil-sized ruffs packed together that slowly open up when the curtain is closed. The curtain tape achieves this through a series of cords that run through it and are sewn into the tape at the point of manufacture by the loom.
Meanwhile, the tape secures the curtain to the pole by means of sewn pockets (that are also part of the make-up of the tape) into which are inserted the curtain tape hooks, typically made of injection-moulded plastic or plated metal in brass or steel, which in turn loop into the curtain pole ring eye or curtain track runner eye. The pockets are typically arranged in columns of 3 in a 75mm wide tape, which is the industry standard. Sometimes a multi-pocket tape is used, which has up to 7 pockets in a column, for use for example in an old House or cottage where the floors and ceilings are uneven. Here it is possible to position the hooks in pockets to minutely change the curtain drop in order to compensate for uneven floors and ceilings.
Other types of tape heading include Triple-pleat, which can be achieved using a triple-pleat tape (although some workrooms prefer to create this heading by creative sewing alone) combined with a special triple pleat hook. There are also many more decorative headings that can be created using tapes, such as box-pleat (square blocks that zig-zag under and over each other) and goblet-pleat (where the tape is manufactured to ruche up into goblet-shaped pleats). Many of these have to be static headings that do not move, as they could not easily be bunched up when the curtain is opened, and so are often used on dress curtain for hotels and pubs where the curtains are never drawn.
The foremost brand of curtain tapes is Rufflette, which means “small ruff” or pleat. However, the fortunes of the Rufflette company are fading, as curtain tapes give way to other forms of curtain heading, that we will be exploring in part 2.
Derek Brown
http://www.articlesbase.com/interior-design-articles/different-types-and-tips-on-how-to-make-the-most-of-them-part-1-441390.html
The strongest plant cells are ?
The strongest plant cells are
A. parenchyma cells.
B. collenchyma cells.
C. sclerenchyma cells.
D. dermal cells.
2. What is the function of collenchyma cells?
A. To store starch, oils, and water for the plant
B. To provide support while allowing the plant to grow
C. To transport materials through long strands
D. To connect different types of cells
3. The function of the vascular tissue is to
A. secrete a substance that becomes the cuticle.
B. cover the outside of a plant and protect it.
C. provide support and supply materials.
D. transport water and nutrients to all parts of the plant.
4. Cohesion is a result of hydrogen bonds that form between
A. water molecules.
B. water and the xylem wall.
C. tracheid cells.
D. vessel elements.
5. Figure 21.1 shows a root tip. What are the protective cells at the very tip of the root called?
A. meristem.
B. root cap.
C. vascular cylinder.
D. root hairs.
6. Transpiration lowers the pressure in the leaf xylem, creating a vacuum that
A. forces water out of leaves.
B. pulls water upward.
C. attracts water to the xylem wall.
D. moves water into the phloem.
7. In the pressure-flow model, sugar is pumped into the phloem, and water flows into the phloem through
A. the stomata.
B. the sap.
C. active transport.
D. osmosis.
8. Roots absorb water partly through tiny extensions of dermal cells called
A. lateral meristems.
B. apical meristems.
C. vascular cylinders.
D. root hairs.
9. Which type of tissue makes up most of the inside of a plant?
A. Dermal
B. Ground
C. Vascular
D. Phloem
10. Figure 21.2 shows a cross section through a tree. Which tissue makes up the dark rings?
A. Phloem
B. Xylem
C. Vascular cylinder
D. Meristem
11. The blade of a leaf is connected to the stem by a thin stalk called a
A. mesophyll.
B. cuticle.
C. bud.
D. petiole.
12. The functions of plant stems include providing support, transporting water and materials, and
A. taking up water from soil.
B. forming a vascular cylinder.
C. storing food and water.
D. exchanging gases.
13. Which leaf adaptations occur to minimize water loss in both deserts and cold dry climates?
A. Plump leaves that store water
B. Large and broad leaves
C. Needles and spines
D. Compound and double compound leaves
14. The upper surfaces of leaves are used mainly for
A. light gathering.
B. gas exchange.
C. collecting water.
D. protection from predators.
15. For what group of plants is water loss not a problem?
A. Desert plants
B. Aquatic plants
C. Cold-climate plants
D. Dry-climate plants
16. Which type of cell is found in the hard or gritty parts of fruits and vegetables?
A. Collenchyma
B. Sclerenchyma
C. Parenchyma
D. Plasmodesmata
17. Dead parenchyma cells that make up bark form a type of
A. collenchymal tissue.
B. vascular tissue.
C. dermal tissue.
D. ground tissue.
18. Water moves up from a plant’s roots through cells in the xylem that
A. act like tiny pumps.
B. carry sugar to the roots.
C. have matured and died.
D. have no cell walls.
19. Phloem tissue is made up mainly of
A. xylem cells and stomata.
B. dead cells and sugar sinks.
C. vessel elements and tracheids.
D. sieve tube elements and companion cells.
20. Root hairs anchor plants and help them absorb water and minerals by
A. protecting the growing part of the root.
B. producing more xylem and phloem.
C. increasing the root’s surface area.
D. lengthening the tips of roots.
21. What are the two basic forms of roots?
A. Fibrous roots and taproots
B. Long taproots and short taproots
C. Fine-branched roots and thick-branched roots
D. Vascular cylinders and meristems
22. What can you infer from a thick annual ring inside a thin annual ring in a tree trunk?
A. Low precipitation followed by high precipitation
B. A short spring followed by a very cold winter
C. Secondary growth followed by primary growth
D. Good conditions followed by harsher conditions
23. Most leaves have a broad, flat part called a
A. Blade
B. Petiole
C. Stem
D. Leaflet
24. Which of the following helps reduce water loss?
A. blade
B. petiole
C. stem
D. stomata
25. Insects captured by predatory plants provide the plant with
A. water.
B. carbon dioxide.
C. nitrogen.
D. sugars.
You want us to do your entire test for you? Also, question ten refers to a picture which you didn’t include. These are mostly very easy questions to answer. Look up the word it’s asking you about, like "collenchyma", in the index and read up about it. Come back and ask about questions you couldn’t find an answer to.
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